Lifesyle
The international dietary committee advocates a specific quantum of these natural antioxidants through diet. Interestingly, environmental pollution has indeed affected most of these farm products. The use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and heavy metals in soil has a cumulative effect on human health. Enough evidence is available for the presence of phytoestrogen, xenoestrogen, and a host of other endocrine disruptors in the food. These plant-based nutrients can mimic or enhance the natural hormone’s health effects. While endocrine disruptors are found in many everyday products, this review aims to address endocrine disruptors from food in the Asian subcontinent. ‘Food for thought’ justifies the paradigm shift towards good endocrine health by swaying away from the conventional daily dietary recommendations.
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are the substances present in the environment, food, and consumer products that interfere with hormone biosynthesis, metabolism, or action altering the normal homeostatic balance of an organism. Various validation studies have contributed to the growing knowledge of different EDCs and their mechanism of action (Diamanti-Kandarakis et al. 2009). The previous known mechanism was that they exert their actions through nuclear hormone receptors, including Estrogen receptors (ERs), Androgen receptors (ARs), progesterone receptors, Thyroid receptors (TRs), and retinoid receptors, either acting as an agonist or as an antagonist (Diamanti-Kandarakis et al. 2009). However, present scientific research has elucidated the mechanisms that are broader compared to the previously established.
Therefore, endocrine disruptors act via nuclear receptors, nonnuclear steroid hormone receptors (e.g., membrane ERs), nonsteroid receptors (e.g., neurotransmitter receptors such as the serotonin receptor, dopamine receptor, norepinephrine receptor), orphan receptors [e.g., aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)—an orphan receptor], enzymatic pathways involved in steroid biosynthesis and/or metabolism, and numerous other mechanisms that converge upon endocrine and reproductive systems (Diamanti-Kandarakis et al. 2009).
Green vegetables, fruits, cereals, and pulses are all rich sources of antioxidants. Retinoic acid, ascorbate, proanthocyanidins, tannins, saponins, melatonin, curcumin, allicin, and alpha-lipoic acid stand documented in plants as bioactive compounds.
The international dietary committee advocates a specific quantum of these natural antioxidants through diet. Interestingly, environmental pollution has indeed affected most of these farm products. The use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and heavy metals in soil has a cumulative effect on human health. Enough evidence is available for the presence of phytoestrogen, xenoestrogen, and a host of other endocrine disruptors in the food. These plant-based nutrients can mimic or enhance the natural hormone’s health effects. While endocrine disruptors are found in many everyday products, this review aims to address endocrine disruptors from food in the Asian subcontinent. ‘Food for thought’ justifies the paradigm shift towards good endocrine health by swaying away from the conventional daily dietary recommendations.
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are the substances present in the environment, food, and consumer products that interfere with hormone biosynthesis, metabolism, or action altering the normal homeostatic balance of an organism. Various validation studies have contributed to the growing knowledge of different EDCs and their mechanism of action (Diamanti-Kandarakis et al. 2009). The previous known mechanism was that they exert their actions through nuclear hormone receptors, including Estrogen receptors (ERs), Androgen receptors (ARs), progesterone receptors, Thyroid receptors (TRs), and retinoid receptors, either acting as an agonist or as an antagonist (Diamanti-Kandarakis et al. 2009). However, present scientific research has elucidated the mechanisms that are broader compared to the previously established.
Therefore, endocrine disruptors act via nuclear receptors, nonnuclear steroid hormone receptors (e.g., membrane ERs), nonsteroid receptors (e.g., neurotransmitter receptors such as the serotonin receptor, dopamine receptor, norepinephrine receptor), orphan receptors [e.g., aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)—an orphan receptor], enzymatic pathways involved in steroid biosynthesis and/or metabolism, and numerous other mechanisms that converge upon endocrine and reproductive systems (Diamanti-Kandarakis et al. 2009).
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are the substances present in the environment, food, and consumer products that interfere with hormone biosynthesis, metabolism, or action altering the normal homeostatic balance of an organism. Various validation studies have contributed to the growing knowledge of different EDCs and their mechanism of action (Diamanti-Kandarakis et al. 2009). The previous known mechanism was that they exert their actions through nuclear hormone receptors, including Estrogen receptors (ERs), Androgen receptors (ARs), progesterone receptors, Thyroid receptors (TRs), and retinoid receptors, either acting as an agonist or as an antagonist (Diamanti-Kandarakis et al. 2009). However, present scientific research has elucidated the mechanisms that are broader compared to the previously established.
Therefore, endocrine disruptors act via nuclear receptors, nonnuclear steroid hormone receptors (e.g., membrane ERs), nonsteroid receptors (e.g., neurotransmitter receptors such as the serotonin receptor, dopamine receptor, norepinephrine receptor), orphan receptors [e.g., aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)—an orphan receptor], enzymatic pathways involved in steroid biosynthesis and/or metabolism, and numerous other mechanisms that converge upon endocrine and reproductive systems (Diamanti-Kandarakis et al. 2009).
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are the substances present in the environment, food, and consumer products that interfere with hormone biosynthesis, metabolism, or action altering the normal homeostatic balance of an organism. Various validation studies have contributed to the growing knowledge of different EDCs and their mechanism of action (Diamanti-Kandarakis et al. 2009). The previous known mechanism was that they exert their actions through nuclear hormone receptors, including Estrogen receptors (ERs), Androgen receptors (ARs), progesterone receptors, Thyroid receptors (TRs), and retinoid receptors, either acting as an agonist or as an antagonist (Diamanti-Kandarakis et al. 2009). However, present scientific research has elucidated the mechanisms that are broader compared to the previously established.
Therefore, endocrine disruptors act via nuclear receptors, nonnuclear steroid hormone receptors (e.g., membrane ERs), nonsteroid receptors (e.g., neurotransmitter receptors such as the serotonin receptor, dopamine receptor, norepinephrine receptor), orphan receptors [e.g., aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)—an orphan receptor], enzymatic pathways involved in steroid biosynthesis and/or metabolism, and numerous other mechanisms that converge upon endocrine and reproductive systems (Diamanti-Kandarakis et al. 2009).
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are the substances present in the environment, food, and consumer products that interfere with hormone biosynthesis, metabolism, or action altering the normal homeostatic balance of an organism. Various validation studies have contributed to the growing knowledge of different EDCs and their mechanism of action (Diamanti-Kandarakis et al. 2009). The previous known mechanism was that they exert their actions through nuclear hormone receptors, including Estrogen receptors (ERs), Androgen receptors (ARs), progesterone receptors, Thyroid receptors (TRs), and retinoid receptors, either acting as an agonist or as an antagonist (Diamanti-Kandarakis et al. 2009). However, present scientific research has elucidated the mechanisms that are broader compared to the previously established.
Table 1
| Drugs |
|
Okada et al., (2001); IARC, (2012) |
| Insecticide |
|
| Insecticide |
|
Alaa-Eldin et al. (2017) |
| Herbicide |
|
Foulds et al., (2017); Harper AP (2020) |
| Herbicide |
|
Mink et al., (2012); Swanson et al., (2014); Mesnage et al., (2015b); Fluegge and Fluegge, (2016); Fortes et al., (2016); Myers et al., (2016) |
| Plastics |
|
Rochester (2013); Okugbe and Songhe (2019) |
| Food Storage Materials |
|
Horton et al., (2015); Steinmaus et al., (2016); Rubin et al., (2017); Knight et al., (2018) |
| Non-Stick Food Wrappers, Microwave Popcorn Bags |
|
Blake et al. (2020) |
Table 2
|
Breda et al., 2018 |
|
Breda et al., 2018 |
|
Breda et al., 2018; Singh et al., 2016 |
|
Breda et al., 2018; Septembre et al., 2016 |
|
Breda et al., 2018; Septembre et al., 2016; Martinez et al., 2021 |
|
Septembre et al., 2016 |
|
Breda et al., 2018; Moreira et al., 2017 |
|
Xavier et al., 2016; Breda et al., 2018 |
|
Breda et al., 2018 |
|
Bouhajeb et al., 2020, Makrogianni et al., 2017 |
|
Breda et al., 2018 |
|
Breda et al., 2018 |
|
Casajus et al., 2019 |